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Источник
КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ (ПРОТОКОЛЫ) ПО ОКАЗАНИЮ СКОРОЙ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ ПРИ ОСТРОЙ ЗАДЕРЖКЕ МОЧЕИСПУСКАНИЯ
Авторы: сотрудники кафедры урологии Первого Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета имени академика И.П. Павлова
– С.Х.Аль-Шукри и соавторы.
Определение
Острая задержка мочеиспускания (OЗМ) – невозможность мочеиспускания при наполненном мочевом пузыре.
Код по МКБ-10 Нозологическая форма
R33 Задержка мочи
Классификация
• Острая задержка мочеиспускания
• Хроническая задержка мочеиспускания
• Парадоксальная ишурия
Острая задержка мочеиспускания возникает при нарушении проходимости мочеиспускательного канала или снижении тонуса мочевого пузыря. Также выделяют транзиторную острую задержку мочеиспускания, возникающую при передозировке ряда лекарственных препаратов или при интоксикации.
Острая задержка мочеиспускания может являться следствием множества патологических состояний и заболеваний. Самая частая причина – доброкачественная гиперплазия предстательной железы.
Мужчины: | Женщины: |
Острый простатит | Тазовый пролапс |
Рак простаты | Новообразования тазовых органов |
ДГПЖ | Вульвовагинит |
Фимоз, парафимоз, стриктуры уретры | |
Рак мочевого пузыря, нейрогенный мочевой пузырь, камни мочевого пузыря, каловый завал, новообразования органов брюшной полости, травмы, парауретральные абсцессы, герпес, бильгарциоз. | Рак мочевого пузыря, нейрогенный мочевой пузырь, камни мочевого пузыря, каловый завал, новообразования органов брюшной полости, травмы, парауретральные абсцессы, герпес, бильгарциоз. |
ОКАЗАНИЕ СКОРОЙ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ НА ДОГОСПИТАЛЬНОМ ЭТАПЕ
Диагностика на догоспитальном этапе (D,4)
Жалобы и сбор анамнеза
На наличие ОЗМ указывает:
• невозможность мочеиспускания при наполненном мочевом пузыре.
• сильные и бесплодные позывы на мочеиспускание,
• боль в надлобковой области,
• чувство распирания внизу живота.
При сборе анамнеза необходимо выяснить наличие каких-либо нарушений мочеиспускания ранее, в том числе острой задержки мочеиспускания, наличие урологических, неврологических и других заболеваний, осложненными нарушением функции нижних мочевых путей, перенесенных оперативных вмешательств. Провоцирующими факторами острой задержки мочеиспускания являются прием алкоголя, наркотических средств, ряда лекарственных препаратов (анальгетики, снотворные препараты, антидепрессанты, транквилизаторы, антихолинергические средства и др.), а также переохлаждение, перегревание, медицинские манипуляции.
Диагностика. Физикальное обследование.
Для острой задержки мочеиспускания характерно:
• выпячивание в надлобковой области
• перкуторно над мочевым пузырем определяется тупой звук
• пальпация болезненна, прощупывается переполненный мочевой пузырь и при пальпации возникают резкие позывы на мочеиспускание.
• При большом количестве мочи вершина пузыря часто оказывается на уровне пупка и может содержать более 1 л мочи.
При физикальном обследовании необходимо оценить общее состояние пациента (сознание, дыхание, пульс и частоту сердечных сокращений, АД, температура тела) и по возможности выяснить причину острой задержки мочеиспускания. С этой целью необходимо провести осмотр наружных половых органов для выявления признаков травмы или воспаления, пальцевое ректальное исследование. При этом для ДГПЖ будет характерным увеличение в размерах предстательной железы, эластическая консистенция, сглаживание междолевой борозды и безболезненность при пальпации. Неоднородность структуры простаты может указывать на наличие злокачественной опухоли. При остром простатите предстательная железа отечна, резко болезненна при пальпации, а при абсцессе простаты возможно дополнительно выявление очагов размягчения или флюктуации.
Для выявления осложнений острой задержки мочи при осмотре необходимо уделить внимание цвету кожных покровов, признаков интоксикации (лихорадка, тошнота, рвота). Данные изменения могут указывать на наличие острой почечной недостаточности или присоединение инфекционного поражения мочевых путей (острый пиелонефрит, цистит).
Дифференциальная диагностика
Необходимо провести дифференциальную диагностику ОЗМ с анурией и парадоксальной ишурией.
– Анурия: нет позывов на мочеиспускание, мочевой пузырь пуст, поэтому при осмотре передней брюшной стенки нет выпячивания, притупления перкуторного звука и мочевой пузырь не пальпируется. Характерны клинические признаки острой почечной недостаточности.
– При парадоксальной ишурии пациент не может самостоятельно опорожнить мочевой пузырь, он переполнен, но моча непроизвольно выделяется каплями. В анамнезе – заболевание, приводящее к развитию инфравезикальной обструкции (чаще всего ДГПЖ).
Наличие анурии или парадоксальной ишурии является показанием для доставки пациента в стационар.
Лечение на догоспитальном этапе (D,4)
Острая задержка мочеиспускания требует оказания экстренной помощи – катетеризации мочевого пузыря.
Противопоказания к катетеризации мочевого пузыря:
• Травма уретры
• Острый уретрит
• Острый орхит, эпидидимит
• Острый простатит
В этих случаях, а также при отсутствии возможности выполнения катетеризации мочевого пузыря показана медицинская эвакуация больного в стационар для выполнения альтернативных способов дренирования мочевого пузыря.
Показания медицинской эвакуации в стационар для выполнения альтернативных способов дренирования мочевого пузыря, дообследования и устранения причин ОЗМ:
1. Наличие травмы органов мочевой системы
2. Острых воспалительных урологических заболеваний
3. Невозможность катетеризации мочевого пузыря
4. Невозможность дальнейшего лечения в амбулаторных условиях
5. Тяжелое общее состояние пациента вследствие ОЗМ
6. Наличие ОЗМ в анамнезе
7. Наличие гематурии
При отсутствии показаний к медицинской эвакуации и в случае успешной эвакуации мочи из мочевого пузыря дальнейшее лечение пациента возможно в амбулаторных условиях.
Частые ошибки
• Назначение диуретиков
• Использование металлического катетера
ОКАЗАНИЕ СКОРОЙ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ НА ГОСПИТАЛЬНОМ ЭТАПЕ В СТАЦИОНАРНОМ ОТДЕЛЕНИИ СКОРОЙ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ (СтОСМП)
Диагностика на госпитальном этапе (D,4)
Осмотр и физикальное обследование
Совпадают с таковыми на догоспитальном этапе
Лабораторные исследования:
– Клинический анализ крови: при острых воспалительных заболеваниях мочевыводящих путей и половых органов может определяться лейкоцитоз с увеличением содержания палочкоядерных форм.
– Биохимический анализ крови: определение уровня креатинина, мочевины и электролитов (Na+, K+,Cl-) для определения наличия и степени почечной недостаточности.
– Количественный и качественный анализ эвакуированной мочи
Инструментальные методы обследования
– Ультразвуковое исследование почек: результаты ультразвукового исследования зависят от длительности нарушения оттока мочи. Может быть выявлено двустороннее расширение чашечно-лоханочной системы почек как следствие ОЗМ и нарушения оттока мочи.
– Ультразвуковое исследование мочевого пузыря и простаты: переполненный мочевой пузырь подтверждает диагноз ОЗМ. Увеличение предстательной железы указывает на ДГПЖ или рак простаты как причину ОЗМ
– Консультация пациента врачом-урологом.
Лечение на госпитальном этапе (D,4)
Если на догоспитальном этапе попытки катетеризации мочевого пузыря не увенчались успехом, то при отсутствии противопоказаний, возможно использование металлического проводника для постановки постоянного уретрального катетера Фолея.
При неэффективности данных мероприятий или наличия уретроррагии показан вызов врача-уролога для выполнения альтернативных способов дренирования мочевого пузыря, таких как: троакарная цистостомия или эпицистостомия.
27.05.2017 | 19:57:18
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